Blue Rubber Gloves

Halloween is a great time to host a kid’s party. After all, what child doesn’t like Halloween? One of the most enjoyable aspects of Halloween is the food. There are hundreds of recipes that have been specifically created for this spooky holiday. The following ideas will help you plan the yummiest menu possible.

Serve a minimum of sweet treats. You don’t want your guests suffering from ’sugar overload’ during the party. To celebrate the occasion, serve chicken fingers with a blood (any red dipping sauce.) If you prepare them from scratch, it’s not hard to make them resembling the more human variety. Add a sliced almond for the finger nail for a realistic approach.

Another dish to try is to add equal parts red, blue, and yellow food color to spaghetti after it’s been cooked so it turns an ugly brownish color. Serve with a green pesto sauce and call it snakes in the swamp.

Make goofy eyeball meatballs. Shape seasoned ground meat into an oval with a flat top and bottom, bake until done. Cut a round circle out of mozzarella cheese about the size of a half dollar or one inch in diameter. Cut grape tomatoes or cherry tomatoes into three slices. Cut black olives in half. Assemble the goofy eyeballs by placing a slice of cheese on the meatball, then a slice of tomato on the cheese and top with a black olive half. Vary the placement of the toppings so the eyeballs are looking in different directions.

If you will be serving punch, why not serve the ghoulish variety? Simply make your favorite punch and add a few ghoul hands. To make these hands, fill non-powdered rubber gloves with cranberry or other red juice. (Don’t overfill, the fingers of the glove should still move easily.)

Close gloves tightly with rubber bands and freeze flat on cookie sheets, which have been lined with paper towels. When ready to serve, open gloves with scissors and add to punch. You may want to break off one or two fingers and add them separately.

A fun punch can be with one quart of lime drink, one quart of lemon lime soda and one cup of lime sherbet. The sherbet should be added right before serving. Stir so the sherbet foams up a bit with the soda. Dust the foam lightly with cocoa powder to resemble dirt.

It’s not a good idea to use dry ice in your punch to make it smoke. Curious hands may try to touch the dry ice resulting in freezer burn. Instead place the dry ice in containers out of reach, such as the back of a table and you’ll still have the atmosphere of the smoky fog without the worry of accidents.

Keep the food simple and familiar but with a twist. Rename favorites in the Halloween theme. Use food coloring in blues, greens, and browns to alter the way a dish looks. Or use familiar food in unfamiliar ways. For example blanch a cauliflower head, break apart and then reassemble (this makes the cauliflower easier to serve) cover the cauliflower with ranch dressing then using ketchup in a squeeze bottle outline each floret with the ketchup so it looks like a brain.

Originally published here.

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Dee Power is the author of several nonfiction books and the novel, Over Time Get your free booklet Party Ideas for Kids Dee’s hobbies include gardening, and jewelry.

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Hey kids, when most people hear the word “chemistry”, they think of creepy laboratories with bubbling beakers of toxic goo. But chemistry can happen any time two different things react together to make something new, and there are fun science experiments that you can do right in your kitchen!

Experiment 1: Magic Mud

All you need for this experiment is some cornstarch, water, and a little bit of food colouring to show it off.

Add 5 tablespoons of cornstarch to a bowl. Make sure you use something to scrape off the extra starch so you have a nice level spoonful.

Add 3 tablespoons of water to the bowl.

Add 3 drops of food colouring.

Stir the mixture.

This mixture should be hard to stir unless you stir very, very slowly.  If it seems runny, add a few pinches more cornstarch. If it seems really dry, add a bit more water.

Now try squeezing a little bit of your magic mud between your fingers and rolling it into a ball. Then open your hand and watch what happens. Poke the top of your magic mud quickly, and your finger will bounce off. But if you sink your finger in slowly, the mud will swallow it up!  It acts like a liquid and a solid!

For a real adventure, try using the same measurements (5 parts cornstarch, 3 parts water) to make up a really big batch in a large pan, or even a kids’ swimming pool!  If you run fast enough, you can actually run across the top of the magic mud. Just don’t slow down, or you’ll find yourself sinking into the goo!

Experiment 2: The Incredible Giant Hand

For this experiment, you will need baking soda, vinegar, and a rubber glove. If you don’t have one, you could use a balloon to make The Incredible Giant Head.

Use a marker to draw hair on the rubber glove (or a face on the balloon).

Carefully add a few spoonfulls of baking soda to the glove.

Pour some vinegar into the glove.

Tie the glove closed, like you would a balloon. Shake it around a bit.

Now watch what happens. The hand (or head) will grow!

When the solid baking soda and the liquid vinegar meet, they react to form a gas called carbon dioxide. They make so much of it that it will blow up your balloon for you.

Experiment 3: Acid or Alkali

For this experiment, you need some beetroot or red cabbage. It also provides you with a tasty snack.

Have an adult help you boil the cabbage or beetroot until the water changes colour.

Collect some of the coloured water.

Scientists use something called pH indicator to measure how acid or alkali something is. Different acids and alkalis will make the indicator change different colours.

You’ve just made pH indicator. Have an adult help you test small amounts of your coloured water with acids and alkalis around the house. Vinegar, juice, household cleaners, antacid tablets, and baking soda are good places to start. The more acidic something is, the lower the pH number. See if you can figure out the pH of your test subjects:

pH           Colour

2               red (very acidic)

4               purple

6               violet

8               blue

10             blue-green

12             yellow-green (very alkali)

And the best part about this experiment is that you can eat the vegetables you cooked! Now that’s fun science!

Discover more kids science articles, look up amazing fun facts, do animated science quizzes with talking characters, meet friends in virtual worlds, play games and do fun science activities at Science Score — the world’s most fun online elearning product for kids. Join the thousands of kids to play with Science Score and do well in Science. Visit http://www.sciencescore.com/home/sciencequizforkids.php

Originally published here.

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Sarah Jane Elliott is a contributing author of curious science articles for an online kids science portal. She holds a honors bachelor of Science degree from University of Toronto, specializing in zoology and behavior. Sarah is an author of speculative fiction, as well as a teacher and museum educator. Visit a target=”_new” rel=”nofollow” onclick=”javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackPageview', '/outgoing/article_exit_link']);” href=”http://www.sciencescore.com”>http://www.sciencescore.com.

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Paramesh Malakar.

B. Sc. (Engineering), BHU

 

 

INDIAN ELECTRICITY RULES AND INDUSTRIAL SAFETY

Indian Electricity Rules are very broad and wide guidelines for design, manufacture, construction, operation and maintenance of all electrical installations and Industrial Safety rules are inbuilt into it. These rules, being the body to cover all aspects of Electricity seems to be, at many a point, ambiguous and extraneous. However, an in-depth interpretation of these rules indicates the elements that need compliance to have a proven system to strong, reliable and safe.

It is felt to be utmost importance to discuss the safety aspects of electricity as electricity in various forms has become indispensable to the modern industry for maintaining propriety of generation, drive, control, communication, , announcement,  safety and managing disasters.

Generation and handlings of power is given primary emphasis in this article as these are considered injurious to apparatuses and life.

An approach here is made to proceed from basic needs in simple language so that the contents are accessible to nonprofessionals also along with engineers since many such persons are being engaged in electrical work.

CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION CLASSIFICATION OF AREAS MAJOR COMPONENTS OF INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATIONS IMPORTANT RULES GENERAL SAFETY ASPECTS SELECTION OF APPARATUSES INSTALLATION OF APPARATUSES CAPACITY UTILIZATION AND OPERATION ROUTINE HEALTH CHECKUP MAINTENANCE OF STATISTICS   PERSONNEL SAFETY RULES 

 

INTRODUCTION

Safety at the dawn of civilization was included in the three basic needs. Food, Shelter and Clothing gave man the safety he needed. Inventions and the development the inventions brought about in mechanizing man’s ways demanded more safety. Safety took birth as a concept and to-day it has become a branch of engineering studies. Speaking commonly about safety is to imply use of safety appliances like welding goggles or radiation shields while doing welding or operating X-ray machines. However, if hazards of discharges, explosions, accidental contacts, possibility of lightning etc. are considered it will become apparent that  safety considerations are to begin with design of machines and systems and are to be systematically inbuilt through manufacturing, installation and operation of plants and equipments.

The hazards faced are unpredictable and inestimable. But, while dealing with industrial hazards it is seen that these hazards are contained in definite and demarcated systems. In case the deficiencies of a system are known these can be eliminated by suitable design and working procedures.

Electrical safety aspects of industrial installations are related mainly to healthy operation during running, abnormal shutting down, switching in and out and maintenance working. Such electrical safety is not difficult to ensure if proper approach is adopted from blue-print-stage.

CLASSIFICATION OF AREAS  

An industry is a unit, which processes inputs to obtain final product ? output. The nature of environment at different locations inside the industrial area is continuously changed due to abnormal operation and generation of wastes and pollutants. These locations may become HAZARDOUS from the point of view of electrical engineering depending on their degree of flammability. It is very essential that only proper electrical appliances and apparatuses are chosen for such areas which are turned hazardous by plant processes. Again rain, humidity, dust are also harmful for electrical installations.

Area, which does not have any risk of fire in their environment, is safe. In such safe area apparatuses designed and manufactured to meet the rated duty can be installed.  However, where risk prevails the areas are hazardous. Hazardous areas of industrial installations are grouped into Divisions (Ref. IS5572) depending upon the presence \ occurrence of flammable gas or gas mixtures in ion it.

These are:

DIV 0: Where risk of fire is constantly present.

DIV I: Where risk of fire is present during normal operating condions.

DIV II: Where risk of fire is present during abnormal operating conditions.

These areas demand different safe features to be built into in electrical apparatuses as integrated features to make these suitable for such locations. In Div 0 areas electrical apparatuses, as far as practical should be avoided. However, if at all necessary flammability in the area is to be precisely defined and intrinsically safe units are to be installed.  In Div I and II areas where explosive gas concentration is present but is within limit FLAMEPROOF APPARATUSES ( Ref IS 2148) or  INCREASED SAFETY APPARATUSES (Ref. IS 6318) are to be used. Areas where rainfall, foreign matter and humidity become matter of concern enclosures of electrical apparatuses are to be WEATHER PROOF ? e.g., as per IS 4691 for induction motors, IS 2147 for LV switchboards and suitably protected against entry of foreign matter as contained in these standards. Electrical apparatuses are also available in pressurized, non-sparking, weatherproof etc type for installation and use in specific areas. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATIONS

Industrial electrical installations mainly comprises of :   a) Outdoor \ indoor sub stations,  b) HV \ MV switchboards,  c) LV PCCs & MCCs,  d) Transformers,  e)   Motors,  f) cable network,  g)  Overhead lines,  h) switching stations, i) heaters, j) refrigerators,   k) lighting systems etc. For safety of these, certain rules in the IE Rules are laid down. These are to be meticulously adhered to.

IMPORTANT RULES

The important clauses are:-

IE Rule 29: Rule 29 make provision for ample power handling capacity, size, and strength. This rule says that any electrical apparatus, network or system must have sufficient capacity to handle the power \ energy required to do the specific job, its size must be adequate to handle the power requirement and must be convenient for use and it must have sufficient mechanical strength to avoid danger to human life or items in immediate vicinity. IE Rule 50: Rule 50 makes provision for application of suitable switches, breakers on primary, secondary sides of transformers, controllers of motors and use of suitable insulating materials. IE Rule 66: Rule 66 provides for metal-sheathed conductor system or for cable network the level of fault currents available to the rating of feed isolating switchgear or fuse gear on occurrence of fault. These IE Rules include electrical apparatuses for handling and use of electrical power and consider the aspect of amply designing and manufacturing these items. Such is also gets envisaged that suitability of use \ application of these is taken taken care of during blue print stage. These rules taken together with relevant Indian Standards grants details, which need consideration regarding safety of apparatuses in use. In addition to setting broad guidelines for manufacturing, I E Rules also provides for installation and testing of electrical apparatuses and systems; and various safety measures to be adopted while erection and commissioning is hand. IE Rule 51 : Rule 51 provides for sufficient inbuilt mechanical strength of electrical apparatuses, enclosing electrical live parts in earthed metal enclosures and installation guidelines as to permissiveness of space near switchboards for movement of working personnel. Rule 60,61 : Rule 60, 61 make it necessary to earth properly the electrical systems and testing it to ensure tat installations do not have hidden defects. Rule 64, 66, 67 : these rules make it necessary to have safety incorporated into the installations by means of protections, safety drains and soak pits, for transformer oil, preventing oil accumulation in trenches, arranging layouts such that faulty electrical component can be isolated immediately. These also provide for various tests regarding voltage withstand ability and insulation condition to ensure system capability to withstand over voltages and handling safely the fault currents. These also take care regarding safe earthing of electrical systems at different locations to avoid danger. GENERAL SAFETY ASPECTS

The general safety aspects of industrial installations are to take care of the followings at different stages:-

SELECTION OF APPARATUSES

During selection :

Classification of areas. Selection f apparatuses suitable for the particular area. Taking proper care against possible misinterpretation of short descriptions like ? fire proof, flame proof, weather proof, submersible, relative humidity etc. and to properly establish their relation to actual working environment. Taking proper note to the short time and continuous duty ratings and relating the various operating parameters to the limiting values for safe working.

 

INSTALLATION OF APPARATUSES

During Installation :

Name plate and Rating plate details to be related to the apparatuses and their proper installation referring to relevant IS Standard wherever applicable. The working safety of the location and proximity to other equipments for safe working and maintenance. Cable terminations and all connections should be of suitable type and size done by approved methods. Details designed for earthing and lightning arresters systems shold be strictly followed and any deficiency in execution should be compensated by addition \  alteration as necessary. Due care is to be taken to neutral apparatus earthings. Location of control gear to any electrical apparatus must be so positioned that it  remains accessible during abnormality of apparatus or any other plat abnormality.  Care is to be taken to prevent rain water accumulation and flowing in of surface water into cable trenches. 

 

CAPACITY UTILIZATION AND OPERATION

These broad guidelines and rules thus direct to wards establishing proper relation between the final use and capacity evaluation during design, manufacturing, selecting proper typr for use in different environment, steps to be taken during erection \ installation to make these safe. However, one point is of great importance here as to see how long the apparatus in operation remains intact and manufacturer maintains good margin and some critical properties of electrical apparatuses are lost durin ng operation. Some of these are :-

Di-electrical and physical properties of insulation. Spring tension of various contacts and resulting contact pressure. Ohmic resistance of electrical joints and terminations \ connections. Calibration of protective and measuring instruments and apparatuses. 

In this instance while attention is on suitable capacity and suitable selection the author remembers two instances :-

On a motor — control — centre (MCC) a control fuse was blown in a motor switchgear compartment. Immediately no fault was detected, so the fuse , due to non availability of HRC fuse was rewired and put back. The neutral link was in position. The fault was lurking in the power contactor coil because of inter – turn short. Immediately on insertion of the fuse it blew with heavy sound and caused flash — over on the sleeved bus bars with naked joints running right behind the fuse base. Result was a burn injury to operator’s hand and plant tripping. This is a clear indication of risk involved in over sizing fuses.   In another instance, there was a short circuit on LT switchgear. There the ACB compartment bakelite shutters were riveted to metal strips. While withdrawing the ACB one strip came out, touched bus bars, caused short circuit with heavy arc and fire. Such was the result of wrong selection and application during design and manufacturing. Later on, these strips were replaced with insulated bars.

 

ROUTINE HEALTH CHECKUP

Ageing of electrical apparatuses is a considerable phenomenon. In case of insulation the deterioration of electrical strength may be major consideration in one application (e.g. transformer, reactor) but again loss of mechanical strength may become the major factor in another. For example: the physical strength of insulation is of prime consideration for increased safety motors, bus bar support insulators, line insulators etc. In normal practice a GO \ NO GO indication is monitored on insulation of electrical apparatuses by hand held meggar. But it is necessary that quality measurements are made at specific intervals.

Another hidden danger in aged insulation is that it becomes dry, looses heat carrying capacity and results in development of hot spots. In case of motors it is very critical since motors at times are subjected to repeated starts. The effect if insulation ageing in transformer is a complicated phenomenon. In addition to insulation stresses developing due to high temperature, here the insulation gets exposed moisture and sludge produced in the transformer in the normal operation. As the transformer ages moisture and sludge formation increases in rapidity.  So condition evaluation or residual life evaluation of transformers in operation is highly essential tests as otherwise the transformer may be stressed to limit of fire and explosion on occurrence of any minor spark.

Industrial installations may have an earthing network with an earthing grid system. This grid system is essential to equalize earth potential, control step and touch voltages to within limited values. The grid system contains earth pits and earth strip network and includes equipment neutral earths. During operation, the joints develop resistances. Such resistances remain undetected during earth resistance testing. However, on dead earth faults the fault current distribution gets impaired, flows through routs of least resistance and in occasion leads to melting of connections at points nearest to transformer. This phenomenon becomes pronounced in case of  the location of industry records high rainfall. Water corrodes the jointing bolts, makes the connection loose and also grants fault current paths through electrolytic action. During the time from fault inception to line isolation the fault current travels unpredictably and flows into transformer or generator neutral through the nearest earth pit which remain in direct connection with the transformer or generator neutral. The author has experiences of earth pit connection failure of 25 MVA 66 \ 11 kV transformer neutral end due to earth fault at overhead distribution system. In such instances the feeder was not isolated at Feeder OCB, not isolated at Incomer OCB but the 66 kV feeder tripped on O/C detection at the sending end.  Such occurrences are causes of concern as oil accumulation is often noticed in switchyard and transformer station pits and may cause fire. Such neutral disconnections can give rise to high voltage phenomenon if faulty system remains connected and may cause injury to the electrical installations. 

Changes or departures of characteristics of protective relays in use or getting stuck of moving components of relays in use is not uncommon. Regular checking and calibration of these items are necessary. Protective devices like Buchholz relay on transformers, fire (over temperature) sensing devices to release CO2   cylinders if fails to perform may result in accidents and damage of severe nature. These protective devices are to be kept healthy at all times.

Electrical safety aspects of industrial installations are best considered during design and manufacturing. Such keeps the plants in safe running state. However, plants need operation and maintenance. Electrical safety to working staff is equally important.

MAINTENANCE OF STATISTICS  

It is necessary that accident and abnormal occurrence information are collected and framed into statistical data to indicate the influence of various factors. For example, table 1 below give the accident figures in percentage expressions. This table indicates a) the voltage class of installations where fatal accidents are numerous, b) age group of working staff who are more susceptible to accidents, c) type of installations or locations where accidents are more frequent.

TABLE 1 A.       TYPE OF INSTALLATION    –AND–        NO. OF FATAL ACCIDENTS  AS VOLTAGE CLASS                                                    %

 

H. V. sub — stations                                                       96% L. V. sub -  stations                                                         4% 

 

B.      AGE GROUP OF WORKMEN  — AND—NO. OF FATAL ACCIDENTS

                                                                                               %

20 — 25 YEARS                                                               9%

25 — 30 YEARS                                                             15%

30 — 35 TEARS                                                             18%

35 — 40 YEARS                                                             19 %

40 — 45 YEARS                                                               9%

45 — AND ABOVE                                                        30 %   

 

C. TYPE OF INSTALLATION   –  AND –        NO. OF FATAL ACCIDENTS                                                      HIGH VOLTAGE        LOW VOLTAGE    

Over head lines                                                 15%                                  5%

Accidental contact                                            16%                                  3%

General appliance                                               -                                    15%

Domestic uses                                                     -                                    11%

Sub station equipment                                        8%                                   0.5%

Agricultural uses                                                -                                        8%

Portable lamps                                                   -                                         7%

Consumer’s service lines                                   -                                        5%

Portable power tools                                          -                                         3%

Misc                                                                    1%                                    2,5%  

 

PERSONNEL SAFETY RULES 

Every one recognizes that plant safety riles are invaluable. Once the statistics is prepared or practical, approach is to be adopted in framing the rules with proper judgment based on experience and knowledge. In industries whenever a new technique is developed new problems appear. Safety rules must be kept abreast of the times.

CERTFICATION OF PERSONNEL 

SELECTION OF WORKERS FOR ELECTRICAL JOB IS VERY VITAL. These persons must be suitable for electrical job and and must have the requisite qualification and right attitude for accident prevention. They are supposed to know wheather job taken up conforms to rules and time tested work practices.

INTERACTION OF SUPERVISORS

Maintenance work may necessitate simultaneous jobs to be taken up on different fronts as an integrated network. For example, work may become necessary on a transformer, its HV side breaker and L V side incoming bus duct. In such a situation, there must be thorough understanding of the scope of job among the groups. This makes it essential that supervisors assemble in a conference  and take stock of the details of each job.

COMPOSITION OF TEAM

It is very important that work team consist of the required manpower only. Over or under manning is undesirable. Small teams are preferable. So work planning should be such that small teams are engaged in specific jobs and whenever required small teams are combined to get more workforce.

OPERATIONAL INSTRUCTIONS

While working on H V or M V apparatuses these are isolated from thr source and are made ‘dead’.

But in certain cases of L V systems like industrial control circuits, at times lighting circuits  and in providing temporary connections, work is taken up on live circuits.

Again there is cable demands consideration of the whole tray as live to the voltage level of the live cable.

OPERATION OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS AND LOCK OUT PROCESSES

In taking electrical circuits out of service it is imperative that effective steps are taken to ensure that it can not be accidentally re-energized. One visible break must be made and it must be suitable ‘tagged’. Safety rules must be strictly observed and wherever locks have been provided their use must be mandatory.

COMPLETING MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS

During maintenance work various temporary connections are provided for hand tols, portable lamps etc. These remains as dangerous connections if  not removed on completion of maintenance work. Care should be taken for proper accounting of all temporary connections.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES.

Personal protective measures to be adopted by working staff are to be taken up with utmost care. It should be kept constantly in mind by the supervisor that his staff members may have some human problem like not getting information about his son who is studying at a far off place, his mind may be preoccupied by his wife’s sickness or he may be constantly thinking about buying a new model car. Whatever it maybe, his preoccupation r anxiety should come to the notice of his supervisor who in turn will take care of the personal outfit of the team member.

The safety measures those form part of general precaution are;

All workmen should wear clothing which will enable them free movement and yet are close fit. Workmen should not wear shoes with wailed soles. Workmen should not use cap with metal frames. Workmen should not wear rings. Workmen should not carry keys, coins, any metal parts on them in open pockets. Workmen should not use spectacles with metallic frames.

 

 

RUBBER GLOVES.

Rubber goloves suitable y insulated for the voltage of line or equipment on which work is to be carried out, must be worn by workmen. However, it must be born in mind rubber gloves only does not qualify working on live lines.

Ordinary rubber coats , boots, shoes, hats etc. should not be considered as protective insulation.

While using rubber gloves care must be taken thst spark or arc can not run through it and worker’s hand remains save from contact with live parts.

SAFETY BELTS

Safety belts must be used while working in locations at a height where ample space and means for support is not available.

Safety belts must be used while working at a height if the worker is to use both his hands.

INSULATED TOOLS

Tools used by electricians (e.g. pliers, tong-testers, fuse pullers etc. ) should be insulated.

The same worker may need to perform the duties of electrician and technicians. In such cases electrician’s tools must be separately kept and properly used.

LADDERS.

Suitable ladders must be used wherever necessary. It shall be borne in mind that taking support from items on walls and roofs which are not meant for such purposes is a dangerous practice.

MAINTENANCE OF PERSONAL MEASURES

Tools and protective devices \ equipments to be used by workers needs be periodically tested and kept such that its condition does not deteriorate in keeping.

 

 

 

Originally published here.

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P. Malakar.
B.Sc.(Electrical Engineering), 1971.
Industrial Exp. in Field and Management of Elect.Engg.for 30+ yrs.
interested in behaviour of machines and their protections.
Age;59 yrs.

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